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1 living
living ['lɪvɪŋ]1 noun(a) (livelihood) vie f;∎ I have to work for a living je suis obligé de travailler pour vivre;∎ what do you do for a living? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?;∎ to write for a living vivre de sa plume;∎ she made a (good) living as a pianist elle gagnait (bien) sa vie comme pianiste;∎ to make a living gagner sa vie;∎ you can't make a decent living in this business on gagne mal sa vie ou on a du mal à gagner sa vie dans ce métier(b) (life, lifestyle) vie f;∎ come to California where the living is easy venez en Californie, la vie y est facile;∎ plain living la vie simple(alive) vivant;∎ the study of living organisms l'étude des organismes vivants;∎ he has no living relatives il n'a plus de famille;∎ who's the greatest living boxer? quel est le plus grand boxeur vivant?;∎ while she was living de son vivant;∎ it was the worst storm in living memory de mémoire d'homme on n'avait jamais vu une tempête aussi violente;∎ I didn't see a living soul je n'ai pas vu âme qui vive;∎ she's living proof that the treatment works elle est la preuve vivante que le traitement est efficace;∎ they made her life a living hell ils lui ont rendu la vie infernale;∎ the living dead les morts mpl vivants;∎ living death vie f de souffrances;∎ his life became a living death sa vie ne fut plus qu'une longue souffrance∎ the living les vivants mpl(conditions) de vie►► living allowance indemnité f de séjour;living area aire f de séjour;∎ the living area is separated from the bedrooms la partie séjour est séparée des chambres;Finance living expenses indemnité f de séjour;∎ these are the crew's living quarters ce sont les quartiers de l'équipage;Geology the living rock la roche non exploitée;∎ sculpted from the living rock taillé à même le roc;1 noun(salle f de) séjour mdu salon;living space espace m vital;living standards niveau m de vie;living thing être m vivant;a living wage le minimum vital;∎ £400 a month isn't a living wage on ne peut pas vivre avec 400 livres par mois;living will = testament dans lequel le testataire exprime sa volonté de ne pas être maintenu en vie artificiellement s'il sombre dans un état végétatif irréversible à la suite d'une maladie ou d'un accident -
2 deal
1. сущ.1)а) общ. некоторое количество; частьб) общ. большое количество, масса, куча, ворохThere's a deal of sense in that. — В этом есть большая доля правды.
2) эк. сделка; соглашение, договорto do [to make, to effect\] a deal — заключать сделку
a fair [square\] deal — честная сделка
Syn:See:barter deal, cash deal, cents-off deal, club deal, cram-down deal, loading deal, premium deal, trade-in deal, deal flow, deal stock, bargain3) общ. обращение, обхождениеSounds like you got a rough [raw\] deal from your boyfriend. — Похоже, твой парень поступил с тобой несправедливо.
4) т. игр сдача, раздача ( карт в игре)5) эк., пол., амер. политический курс; экономическая политикаSee:2. гл.1)а) общ. распределять, раздавать; отпускать, выдавать, снабжатьThe cards must be dealt out. — Карты должны быть розданы.
2)а) торг., фин. торговатьto deal in cotton [leather, shares\] — торговать хлопком [кожей, акциями\]
to deal in a variety of goods — предлагать широкий ассортимент товаров, предлагать большой выбор товаров
See:б) торг., сленг заниматься сбытом наркотиков, продавать наркотики, торговать наркотикамив) общ. общаться, иметь дело (с кем-л.)He is easy [difficult\] to deal with. — С ним легко [трудно\] иметь дело.
г) торг., фин. быть клиентом, покупатьWe no longer deal at that store. — Мы больше не покупаем товары в том магазине.
д) общ. заниматься (чем-л.)Biology is that branch of science which deals with the study of living organisms. — Биология — это отрасль науки, занимающаяся изучением живых организмов.
3)а) общ. рассматривать, трактовать, обсуждать (что-л.)to deal with a claim — рассматривать претензию [жалобу\]
б) общ. сталкиваться (с чем-л.); бороться, справляться, разбираться (с чем-л.)How can I deal with problems about insurance? — Как я могу разобраться с проблемами, касающимися страхования?
4) общ. обходиться, обращаться, поступать, вести себя (с кем-л.)
* * *
сделка, операция.* * *операми; сделка. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *Финансы/Кредит/Валютасделка, операция-----см. transaction -
3 תורת הסביבה
ecology, study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment (especially pertaining to issues such as pollution) ; environment as it connects or relates to living organisms -
4 Shannon, Claude Elwood
[br]b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA[br]American mathematician, creator of information theory.[br]As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.BibliographyHis seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, TheCollected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.HO -
5 экология как наука
экология как наука
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
scientific ecology
The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. (Source: DOE / APD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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DE
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Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экология как наука
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6 écologie scientifique
экология как наука
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
scientific ecology
The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. (Source: DOE / APD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > écologie scientifique
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7 wissenschaftliche Ökologie
экология как наука
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
scientific ecology
The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. (Source: DOE / APD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > wissenschaftliche Ökologie
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8 экология как наука
экология как наука
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
scientific ecology
The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. (Source: DOE / APD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экология как наука
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9 экология как наука
экология как наука
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
scientific ecology
The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. (Source: DOE / APD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экология как наука
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10 scientific ecology
экология как наука
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
scientific ecology
The study of the interrelationship among living organisms and between organisms and their environment, utilizing the methods or theories of science. (Source: DOE / APD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > scientific ecology
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11 biyonik
adj. bionic--------n. bionics, study of the functions of living organisms and the use of this information in the design and creation of mechanical systems* * *1. bionic 2. bionics -
12 bionica
n. bionics, study of the functions of living organisms and the use of this information in the design and creation of mechanical systems -
13 biotechniek
n. bionics, study of the functions of living organisms and the use of this information in the design and creation of mechanical systems -
14 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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15 экология водной среды
экология водной среды
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
aquatic ecology
The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. (Source: ALLa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экология водной среды
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16 hydro-écologie
экология водной среды
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
aquatic ecology
The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. (Source: ALLa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
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Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > hydro-écologie
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17 Wasserökologie
экология водной среды
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
aquatic ecology
The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. (Source: ALLa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Wasserökologie
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18 экология водной среды
экология водной среды
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
aquatic ecology
The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. (Source: ALLa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экология водной среды
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19 экология водной среды
экология водной среды
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
aquatic ecology
The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. (Source: ALLa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экология водной среды
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20 aquatic ecology
экология водной среды
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
aquatic ecology
The study of the relationships among aquatic living organisms and between those organisms and their environment. (Source: ALLa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > aquatic ecology
См. также в других словарях:
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